I. Nylon 66: kholo e tsitsitseng ea tlhokahalo, sebaka se seholo sa ho kenya sebaka sa thepa

1.1 Nylon 66: ts'ebetso e phahameng, empa eseng lisebelisoa tse ikemetseng tse tala

Nylon ke lebitso le tloaelehileng la polyamide kapa PA.Sebopeho sa eona sa lik'hemik'hale se khetholloa ke ho ba teng ha lihlopha tsa amide tse pheta-phetang (- [NHCO]-) holim'a ketane e kholo ea molek'hule.Ho na le mefuta e mengata e fapaneng ea nylon, e ka aroloang ka aliphatic PA, aliphatic-aromatic PA le PA e nkhang hamonate ho latela sebopeho sa monoma, eo aliphatic PA e fumanehang hohle, e hlahisoa ka bongata mme e sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tse ngata, haholoholo. nylon 6 le nylon 66 har'a li-nylon tsa aliphatic.

Nylon e na le thepa e ntle ea ho pota-pota, ho kenyeletsa thepa ea mechine, ho hanyetsa mocheso, ho hanyetsa ho senya, lik'hemik'hale tsa lik'hemik'hale le ho itšehla thajana, 'me e na le coefficient e fokolang ea likhohlano, ho lieha ho hong ha lelakabe le ho sebetsa habonolo.Leha ho le joalo, nylon e boetse e na le mefokolo e kang ho monya metsi a mangata, ho fokotseha ha mocheso, ho senyeha habonolo ha lihlahisoa le mathata a ho senya, a hlokang ho fetoloa ho sebelisoa ho ntlafatsa tshebetso ea eona ka kakaretso.

Ho na le litšebeliso tse tharo tsa mantlha bakeng sa nylon: 1) khoele ea nylon ea lehae: e ka kopanngoa kapa ea ohloa ka har'a lihlahisoa tse fapaneng tsa bongaka le tse lohiloeng.Li-filaments tsa nylon li sebelisoa haholo indastering ea ho loha le ea silika, joalo ka ho loha likausi tsa monofilament, likausi tsa silika tse sa tsitsang le mefuta e meng ea likausi tsa nylon tse sa sebetseng, li-sarong tsa nylon, matlooa a menoang, lesela la nylon, liaparo tsa ka ntle tsa nylon, mefuta e fapaneng ea silika ea nylon kapa lihlahisoa tsa silika tse lohiloeng.Likhoele tsa nylon tse tloaelehileng hangata li kopantsoe le boea kapa likhoele tse ling tsa lik'hemik'hale ho etsa liaparo tse fapaneng tse apereng ka thata.2) Khoele ea nylon ea indasteri: indastering, nylon e sebelisoa ka bongata ho etsa thapo ea thaere, lesela la indasteri, likhoele, mabanta a conveyor, litente, matlooa a ho tšoasa litlhapi, joalo-joalo. Sesoleng, e sebelisoa haholo bakeng sa liparachute le lihlahisoa tse ling tsa parachute.(3) Lipolasetiki tsa boenjiniere: li entsoe ka lihlahisoa tse fapaneng ho nkela tšepe sebaka, tse sebelisoang haholo indastering ea likoloi le ea lipalangoang.Lihlahisoa tse tloaelehileng ke li-impellers tsa pompo, li-blades tsa fan, litulo tsa li-valve, li-bushings, li-bearings, lisebelisoa tse fapaneng tsa lisebelisoa, lisebelisoa tsa motlakase tsa likoloi, li-valve tse futhumatsang le tse batang tsa moea le likarolo tse ling.

Nylon e sebelisoang ka ho fetisisa ke nylon 6 le nylon 66, leha libaka tsa bona tsa ts'ebetso le ts'ebeliso li na le kamano e kholo, empa ha re bua hantle, nylon 66 e matla, ho hanyetsa ho apara hantle, maikutlo a bonolo, ts'ebetso e ntlafetseng ka kakaretso, empa e brittle, ha e bonolo ho e mebala le theko e phahame ho feta nylon 6. Nylon 6 ha e na matla, e bonolo, ho apara ho hanyetsa ho mpe ho feta nylon 66, ha u kopana le mocheso o tlaase mariha, ho bonolo ho fetoha brittle, theko hangata e tlaase ho feta nylon 66, e theko e tlaase.Theko hangata e tlase ho feta ea nylon 66, e etsang hore e be le litšenyehelo tse ngata.Ka hona, nylon 6 e na le melemo e mengata tšimong ea masela a sechaba, 'me nylon 66 e na le melemo e mengata tšimong ea silika ea indasteri le ea boenjiniere, haholo-holo karolong e ka tlaase ea nylon 66 lebaleng la likoloi, nylon 66 e ka sebelisoa maemong a mangata haholo. ho feta nylon 6.

Mabapi le mekhoa ea phepelo le tlhokahalo, nylon 6 le nylon 66 le tsona li fapane haholo.Taba ea pele, boholo ba 'maraka ba nylon 6 bo boholo ho feta ba nylon 66, ka tlhoko e hlakileng ea li-chips tsa nylon 6 naheng ea China e fihlang ho lithane tse limilione tse 3.2 ka 2018, ha e bapisoa le lithane tse 520,000 tsa nylon 66. Ho feta moo, nylon ea 6 ea China le holimo ho eona. Caprolactam e tala ha e le hantle e ikemela, ka sekhahla sa ho iphelisa sa nylon 6 se fihlang ho feta 91% le caprolactam 93%;leha ho le jwalo, sekgahla sa ho ikgotsofatsa sa nylon 66 ke 64% feela, athe ho itshetleha ka ho reka kantle ho thepa e tala ya caprolactam e ka hodimo ho 100%.Ho latela pono ea phetisetso ea kantle ho naha, sebaka sa ho kenya sebaka sa ho tsoa kantle ho ketane ea nylon 66 ho hlakile hore se seholo ho feta sa nylon 6. Tlaleho ena e tsepamisitse maikutlo holim'a tšusumetso e ka bang teng ea phepelo, tlhoko le thekenoloji ea nylon 66 le lisebelisoa tsa eona tse tala. , adiponitrile, mabapi le tikoloho ea indasteri.

Nylon 66 e fumanoa ho polycondensation ea adipic acid le adipic diamine ka tekanyo ea 1: 1 molar.Adipic acid hangata e hlahisoa ke hydrogenation ea benzene e hloekileng e lateloang ke oxidation ka nitric acid.Theknoloji ea tlhahiso ea adipic acid Chaena e batla e hōlile 'me ho na le bokhoni bo feteletseng.

Ka selemo sa 2018, tlhoko e bonahalang ea asiti ea adipic naheng ea China e ne e le lithane tse 340,000 mme tlhahiso ea naha e ne e le lithane tse 310,000, ka sekhahla sa ho iphelisa se fetang 90%.Leha ho le joalo, tlhahiso ea indasteri ea hexamethylene diamine e batla e ipapisitse le hydrogenation ea adiponitrile, eo hajoale e romelloang Chaena, ka hona indasteri ea nylon 66 e hlile e ipapisitse le linatla tsa kantle ho naha tsa adiponitrile.Ha re nahana ka khoebo e haufi ea theknoloji ea adiponitrile ea malapeng, re lumela hore ho kenya sebaka sa adiponitrile ho tla lebisa liphetohong tse tebileng indastering ea nylon 66 lilemong tse tlang.

1.2 Phepelo le tlhokeho ea Nylon 66: oligopoly le ho itšetleha haholo ka ho tsoa kantle ho naha

Tšebeliso e bonahalang ea nylon 66 Chaena e ne e le lithane tse 520,000 ka 2018, e leng karolo ea 23% ea kakaretso ea tšebeliso ea lefatše.Lipolasetiki tsa boenjiniere li ne li etsa 49%, likhoele tsa indasteri bakeng sa 34%, likhoele tsa sechaba bakeng sa 13% le likopo tse ling bakeng sa 4%.Lipolasetiki tsa boenjiniere ke tsona tse kholo ka ho fetesisa tsa nylon 66, tse nang le hoo e ka bang 47% ea lipolasetiki tsa boenjiniere tsa nylon 66 tse sebelisoang indastering ea likoloi, li lateloa ke motlakase le lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki (28%) le lipalangoang tsa terene (25%).

Koloi e ntse e tsoela pele ho ba mokhanni ea ka sehloohong oa tlhokahalo ea nylon 66, ka sepheo se ntseng se eketseha sa ho sebetsa hantle ha mafura le phokotso ea mosi oa likoloi ho khanna khetho ea lipolasetiki tse bobebe ho feta litšepe ha ho khethoa thepa ke baetsi ba likoloi.Nylon 66 ke thepa e bobebe e nang le thepa e ntle ea mocheso, e e etsa khetho e tsebahalang bakeng sa bahlahisi ba likoloi mme e sebelisoa mefuteng e mengata ea lits'ebetso tsa motlakase oa likoloi.Li-airbags hape ke sebaka se seholo sa kopo bakeng sa likhoele tsa indasteri tsa nylon 66.Tlhokahalo e pharalletseng e tsoang indastering ea likoloi e lebelletsoe ho matlafatsa kholo ea 'maraka oa nylon 66.

Nylon 66 e boetse e sebelisoa ha ho etsoa likarolo tsa motlakase le tsa elektronike, lisebelisoa tse nepahetseng tsa lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki, mabone a motlakase, li-cooker tsa raese, li-hoovers tsa motlakase, li-heaters tsa lijo tsa elektroniki tse phahameng, joalo-joalo Nylon 66 e boetse e na le khanyetso e ntle ea ho soasoa mme e sebelisoa haholo tlhahiso ea mabokose a mateano, li-switches le li-resistors.Nylon 66 e thibelang malakabe e boetse e sebelisoa ha ho etsoa likotoana tsa terata tsa menyu, li-retainers le likonopo tse totobatsang maikutlo.

Railways ke sebaka sa boraro se seholo sa tšebeliso ea lipolasetiki tsa boenjiniere tsa nylon 66.Nayilone 66 e matlafalitsoeng ka fiber ea khalase e matla, e bobebe, ha e senyehe, ha e ruruhe, e bonolo ho bōptjoa, e fetotsoe bakeng sa ho thatafatsa, boemo ba leholimo le ho qhoaela, 'me e sebelisoa haholo liindastering tsa literene tse lebelo le holimo.

Indasteri ea nylon 66 e na le litšobotsi tse tloaelehileng tsa oligopoly, ka tlhahiso ea lefats'e ea nylon 66 e tsepamisitsoe haholo likhoebong tse kholo tse kang INVISTA le Shenma, kahoo litšitiso tsa ho kena li batla li phahame, haholo-holo karolong e ka holimo ea thepa e tala ea ketane ea indasteri.Lehlakoreng la tlhokeho, le hoja sekhahla sa kholo ea indasteri ea masela le ea likoloi ea lefatše le ea Sechaena e tla fokotseha ka 2018-2019, ka nako e telele re lumela hore matla a ntseng a eketseha a tšebeliso ea baahi le keketseho ea beng ba koloi ea motho ka mong e ntse e tla tlisa. sebaka se seholo sa tlhokahalo ea masela le likoloi.Nylon 66 e lebelletsoe ho boloka kholo e tsitsitseng lilemong tse 'maloa tse tlang, mme ho latela mokhoa oa hajoale oa phepelo, ho na le sebaka se ngata sa ho kenya sebaka sa kantle ho naha China.